Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST): Normative Data for the Lebanese Adult Population | Semantic Scholar (2024)

This is the first study focused on the development of WCST normative scores for the adult Portuguese population, which can be applied in clinical, educational and research contexts and indicates age and education are important factors explaining performance on the WCST.

This instrument is a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of executive functions, however, as the age- and educational-related effects were demonstrated, these characteristics need to be considered before interpreting WCST scores.

It was determined that gender was not significant for any sub-score and only age and education level from socio-demographic variables were included in the model, and norm values between 18-78 years of age were produced using RA.

The results indicate that assuming distinct, feedback-specific learning processes are not superior to feedback-type unspecific processes in accounting for performance on the computerized WCST, and successfully accounted for some, but not all, aspects of test performance.

This work identified Arabic-language tests that measure constructs related to mental illness and health, critically analyzed their methodologies, and provided broad recommendations for future research.

This study reports the first normative data for the M-WCST in a contemporary Spanish sample, taking socio-demographic characteristics of the population into account, and the influence of age and level of education on the M -WCST performance was confirmed.

This is the first normative multicenter study conducted in Latin America aiming to create norms for the M-WCST and will have important implications for the future of neuropsychology in the region.

The present study found highly significant differences between the means on almost all WCST scores among the Western and the Indian sample, except for the number of correct responses.

This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate way to interpret the M-WCST with pediatric populations.

The performance of individuals on the Modified Card Sorting Test is more closely associated with general intellectual ability than with demographic variables.

Accounting for demographic influences and the inspection of practice effects on serial administration of the mWCST may improve upon its sensitivity and specificity for use in the clinical assessment of executive function in older adults.

The results indicate that participants' age, education, and intelligence need to be considered when interpreting MCST performance, as well as further studies with patients with executive dysfunction are needed.

In countries with heterogeneous educational backgrounds, the use of stratified norms by education to assess at least some components of executive functions is essential for an ethical and accurate cognitive diagnosis.

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